Everything You Want to Know About Enzyme Composition

Simple Proteinases and Conjugated Proteases

Proteins are divided into simple proteins and combined proteins. Similarly, according to chemical composition, enzymes can also be divided into two major categories: simple proteinases and conjugated proteases. General hydrolytic enzymes, such as urease, protease, amylase, lipase, ribonuclease, etc., are simple proteases. The activity of these enzymes depends only on their protein structure. The enzyme is composed only of amino acids and contains no other components. And transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), carbonic anhydrase and other oxidoreductases are all bound proteases. In addition to protein components, these enzymes also contain non-protein small molecules that are stable to heat. The former is called apoenzyme, the latter is called cofactors. When enzyme protein and cofactor exist alone, there is no catalytic activity. Only when the two are combined into a complete molecule can they have enzyme activity. This complete enzyme molecule is called holoenzyme.

holoenzyme = enzyme protein + cofactor

Some of the cofactors of enzymes are metal ions and some are small molecule organic compounds. Sometimes both of them are required for enzyme activity. These small molecule organic compounds are usually called coenzymes or prosthetic groups. The metal is in the enzyme molecule, either as a constituent of the active site of the enzyme, or to help form the conformation necessary for enzyme activity. Enzyme proteins use polar groups on their side chains to bind cofactors through covalent, coordinate, or ionic bonds through reaction. Generally speaking, the small molecule organic substances that are loosely bound to the enzyme protein and easily detached from the enzyme protein and can be removed by dialysis are called coenzymes; and the small molecule substances that are tightly bound to the enzyme protein and are not easily removed by dialysis are called prosthetic groups. There is no essential difference between coenzymes and prosthetic groups, and there is no strict boundary between the two, except that they are strongly bound to the enzyme protein.

In the catalytic reaction of holoenzymes, enzyme proteins and cofactors play different roles. The enzyme protein determines the specificity and high efficiency of the enzyme reaction, and the cofactor directly acts as a carrier for electrons, atoms or certain chemical groups, participates in the reaction and promotes the entire catalytic process.

Usually an enzyme protein can only be combined with a coenzyme to form an enzyme, which acts as a substrate to carry out a chemical reaction in one direction. A coenzyme can be combined with several enzyme proteins to form several enzymes, catalyzing the same type of chemical reaction of several substrates. For example, the enzyme protein of lactate dehydrogenase can only be combined with NAD to form lactate dehydrogenase, which makes the substrate lactic acid dehydrogenate. But there are many kinds of enzyme proteins that can bind to NAD, such as lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GDH) contain NAD, which can catalyze separately Lactic acid, malic acid and glycerol phosphate are dehydrogenated. It can also be seen that the enzyme protein determines the type of reaction substrate, that is, the specificity of the enzyme, and the coenzyme (base) determines the reaction type of the substrate.

Monomer Enzyme, Oligomerase and Multi-enzyme Complex System

According to the structural characteristics of proteins, enzymes can be divided into three categories:

Monomer enzyme

Enzymes with only one polypeptide chain are called monomeric enzymes, and they cannot dissociate into smaller units. Its molecular weight is 13 000 ~ 35 000. There are few such enzymes, and most of them are enzymes that promote the hydrolysis reaction of the substrate, that is, hydrolytic enzymes, such as lysozyme, protease, and ribonuclease.

Oligomerase

Enzymes composed of several or more subunits are called oligomeric enzymes. The subunits in the oligomerase can be the same or different. The subunits are connected by non-covalent bonds, which are easy to separate for acids, bases, high-concentration salts or other denaturants. The molecular weight of oligomerase ranges from 35,000 to several million. Such as phosphorylase a, lactate dehydrogenase, etc.

Multi-enzyme compound system

The complex formed by the chimerization of several enzymes with each other is called the multienzyme system. The multi-enzyme complex is conducive to the continuous progress of a series of reactions in the cell to improve the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme, and at the same time it is convenient for the body to regulate and control the enzyme. The molecular weights of multiple enzyme complexes are all above several million. Such as pyruvate dehydrogenase system and fatty acid synthetase complex are multi-enzyme systems.

Why be Pre-Approved for a Home Loan When Still Shopping for a House

For most people the fun part of looking for your next home is seeing what different houses and neighborhoods look like. Homes for sale in Mt. Washington, for instance, look nothing like Echo Park homes. Streets in Highland Park don’t even remotely resemble neighborhoods in Atwater Village. Enjoyable as it is, however, it still take some effort.

But the real work – and what’s most financially impactful towards your goal of buying a home in Northeast Los Angeles – is getting the right financing. It helps to at least get pre-qualified for a loan before you make an offer, and better yet, before you even look.

Reasons for preapproval – If you are shopping for a home in Mt. Washington, Garvanza or Eagle Rock and you find something that is well priced, you know the competition can be high to get your offer accepted over other bidders. So it’s to your advantage for your agent to be able to say, “the buyer is preapproved.” If the seller is motivated (i.e., they are wary of waiting a few weeks to learn the highest bidder cannot qualify for a loan) they might actually go with a lower offer from a buyer who appears to be more solid.

What the doubters say – A pre-approval isn’t a certainty that you will get the mortgage, much less at a particular rate and favorable set of terms. The process of getting a pre-approval involves minimal documentation just to get you started, to know you are “in the ballpark.” It identifies a price range that is appropriate for your level of income and probably a credit check that would identify “red flag” issues. But because the documentation requirements for homes have gotten much more stringent in the past decade (post-2008 financial crisis), it will be necessary to provide previous years’ tax returns, and as to answer questions on sources of income (e.g., “What was the source of this $30,000 deposit last month?”).

How to do it – Long gone are the “no documentation” loans that existed prior to 2008. That’s probably a good thing, given how most homebuyers want to be able keep their homes, enjoy their time there, and accumulate value in the asset over the years to come. The documentation you will need are the following: Proof of income (W-2 statements, most-recent pay stubs, and proof of any other sources of income such as alimony, pay bonuses, royalties or residuals); verification of employment (with a phone call to your employer and possibly a most-recent past employer); proof of assets (investment account statements, savings of any kind, appraisals of property you might already own and, if you are receiving assistance on the down payment from a relative or friend, a letter stating it is a gift and not a loan).

Lenders will usually give the best interest rates to people with a credit score above 740 – that holds true whether you’re shopping in Hermon, Glassell Park or Highland Park as well as anywhere else in Northeast Los Angeles. But if you fall below that, it doesn’t mean you can’t get a loan. It just means you might have to settle for less-favorable terms.

Note that with self-employed individuals, the requirements for documentation of income are significantly higher. People who consider going out there on their own are highly advised to get a mortgage and buy a new home they think they’ll be able to afford before taking that step.
A NELA Realtor with experience in home transactions and the lending process can provide referrals on lenders and mortgage brokers – and show you homes you might find interesting.

What Is The Difference Between Green Tea And Organic Green Tea?

Today, you can find a stunning array of green tea powders in market. Selecting the best one from store may not be an easy task for many people. What is the difference between green tea and organic green tea? This is a common question heard from the face of people.

Generally, an organic greentea is the one which grown without adding harmful chemicals and preservatives. Presence of harsh chemicals in the leaves of plants can cause many health issues. You can minimize this health risk by choosing the right type of leaves. Organic greentea ensures the best health result devoid of side effects.

If you are planning to buy a greentea packet from store, make sure to check the label of organic. It ensures complete safety on all users. Hence drinking an organic greentea is an apt choice for all who wish to rejuvenate their body naturally. For the best health result, try to choose greentea from a renowned brand. How is greentea powder prepared? This question is quite common among new users of green tea.

Usually, powders of green tea are prepared by steaming the leaves of plant. When searched, you can find different types of green teas from store. Some greenteas may be green in color, whereas some others might be dark brown in color. Brown color of tea powder is generally caused due to factors like air pollution, exposure to chemicals and oxidation. Hence price rate of greentea is not fixed.

Price rate of green powder generally varies from one tea powder packet to another. Quality is one among the main factors which determines the price of tea packet. When compared to greentea powder, organic type greentea powder beholds a higher value in price. At present, you can easily get organic type greentea powders from online stores. To ensure complete safety, do not hesitate to select a reliable site with maximum positive feedback.

What is the benefit of drinking greentea? Let�s see here what makes it so special to health experts. Generally, greentea powder is found to be as a potent source of EGCGs, a catechin renowned for antioxidants. It fights against free radicals and prevents health issues related to aging. At times, greentea powder bought from market may contain certain level of lead. These packets containing powdered form of greentea may not be safe to drink. You can prevent this case by choosing product from a trustworthy company.

There are several advantages of using greentea. Main health benefits of including greentea are lowering the risk of heart diseases, stroke and glaucoma. As per research, daily drinking of greentea is found to be very effective for lowering the level of LDL cholesterol level in body. If you own health risks like obesity due to high LDL cholesterol level, feel free to include green tea in daily diet. Chamomile, lavender and tulsi are some of the best available flavors of greentea.